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我國研發人員總量連續6年穩居世界第一位

來源：新華社 ??? 日期：2019-07-31

國家統計局23日發布新中國成立70周年經濟社會發展成就報告。報告顯示，2018年，按折合全時工作量計算的全國研發人員總量爲419萬人年，是1991年的6.2倍。我國研發人員總量在2013年超過美國，已連續6年穩居世界第一位。

70年來，我國科技實力伴隨著經濟發展同步壯大，科技投入大幅增加，科技産出量增質優。

研發經費規模和強度實現曆史性突破。報告顯示，我國研發經費投入持續快速增長，2018年達19657億元，是1991年的138倍。研發經費投入強度屢創新高，2014年首次突破2%，2018年提升至2.18%，超過歐盟15國平均水平。按彙率折算，我國已成爲僅次于美國的世界第二大研發經費投入國家。

科學論文成果豐碩。報告顯示，2018年，國外三大檢索工具科學引文索引（SCI）、工程索引（EI）和科技會議錄索引（CPCI）分別收錄我國科研論文41.8萬篇、26.6萬篇和5.9萬篇，數量分別位居世界第二、第一和第二位。同時，論文質量大幅提升，根據基本科學指標數據庫（ESI）論文被引用情況，2018年我國科學論文被引用次數排名世界第二位。

此外，专利发明量大幅提升。报告显示，2018年，我国專利申請数和授权数分别为432.3万件和244.8万件，分别是1991年的86倍和98倍。专利质量也得到同步提升。以最能体现创新水平的发明专利为例，2018年，发明專利申請数达154.2万件，占專利申請数的比重为35.7%，比1991年提高12.9个百分点；平均每亿元研发经费产生境内发明專利申請70件，比1991年提高19件，专利产出效益得到明显提高。（记者：陈炜伟）

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"There's another river like it in the Pacific Ocean," Frank explained; "it is called the Japan Current, because it flows close to the coast of Japan. It goes through Behring Strait into the Arctic Ocean, and then it comes south by the coast of Greenland, and down by Newfoundland. That's what brings the icebergs south in the Atlantic, and puts them in the way of the steamers between New York and Liverpool. To be free and to rule over freemen were, with Socrates, as with every Athenian, the goals of ambition, only his freedom meant absolute immunity from the control of passion or habit; government meant superior knowledge, and government of freemen meant the power of producing intellectual conviction. In his eyes, the possessor of any art was, so far, a ruler, and the only true ruler, being obeyed under severe penalties by all who stood in need of his skill. But the royal art which he himself exercised, without expressly laying claim to it, was that which assigns its proper sphere to every other art, and provides each individual with the employment which his peculiar faculties demand. This is Athenian liberty and Athenian imperialism carried into education, but so idealised and purified that they can hardly be recognised at first sight. The idea of such a provisional code seems to have originated with Zeno;61 but the form under which we now know it is28 the result of at least two successive revisions. The first and most important is due to Panaetius, a Stoic philosopher of the second century B.C., on whose views the study of Plato and Aristotle exercised a considerable influence. A work of this teacher on the Duties of Man furnished Cicero with the materials for his celebrated De Officiis, under which form its lessons have passed into the educational literature of modern Europe. The Latin treatise is written in a somewhat frigid and uninteresting style, whether through the fault of Cicero or of his guide we cannot tell. The principles laid down are excellent, but there is no vital bond of union holding them together. We can hardly imagine that the author’s son, for whom the work was originally designed, or anyone else since his time, felt himself much benefited by its perusal. Taken, however, as a register of the height reached by ordinary educated sentiment under the influence of speculative ideas, and of the limits imposed by it in turn on their vagaries, after four centuries of continual interaction, the De Officiis presents us with very satisfactory results. The old quadripartite division of the virtues is reproduced; but each is treated in a large and liberal spirit, marking an immense advance on Aristotle’s definitions, wherever the two can be compared. Wisdom is identified with the investigation of truth; and there is a caution against believing on insufficient evidence, which advantageously contrasts with what were soon to be the lessons of theology on the same subject. The other great intellectual duty inculcated is to refrain from wasting our energies on difficult and useless enquiries.62 This injunction has been taken up and very impressively repeated by some philosophers in our own time; but in the mouth of Cicero it probably involved much greater restrictions on the study of science than they would be disposed to admit. And the limits now prescribed to speculation by Positivism will perhaps seem not less injudicious,29 when viewed in the light of future discoveries, than those fixed by the ancient moralists seem to us who know what would have been lost had they always been treated with respect. written below. But just as I was turning to the end to read the “Oh, never mind Jeff. Let’s go!” Sandy braced himself. 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